Race as a factor in the evaluation of the admissions process Case Study

Race as a factor in the assessment of the confirmations procedure - Case Study Example Race as a factor in the assessment of the admissions’ procedure The ethical barrier of a university’s practice to join race as a factor in the assessment of the admissions’ procedure can be analyzed through the utilization of decent variety and assorted variety pay contentions. The nearness of clear gathering weakness which is experienced by individuals from a specific race would infer that the thought of race as a factor in affirmations is helpful for the decrease of the racial groups’ social restrictions while, wiping out the parts of verifiable separation, the partial outlook of broad communications, instructive, word related and private isolation and the negative effect of the pattern of destitution. The amassing of this perspective advances the rise of individual drawbacks which converts into bunch disservice. For instance, research on vocation openings and lodging game plans for racial gatherings demonstrates that separation and generalizing is predominant. The nearness of these components antagonistically influences the capacity of minority understudies and damages their potential for additional turn of events. Through the use of the ideas of previously mentioned contentions it very well may be reasoned that race can be supported as a component of thought in the comprehensive affirmations process which assesses the individual candidate’s capacities past the customary proportions of confirmations rules and considers an incredible noteworthiness encounters.

Promoting Health in the Community Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Advancing Health in the Community - Essay Example Rates for endeavored self destruction identified with misery register at a pace of 0.3% for men and 0.5% for ladies (Commonwealth of Australia, 2009). These measurements in Australia are disturbing which by chance reflect comparable rates in the worldwide scene. To address the issues of gloom in the nation, causes, chance components, and anticipation in the essential, optional, and tertiary levels will be talked about to incorporate procedures to conquer a few obstructions. Reasons for gloom Depression is brought about by different elements. One is the aggregate negative educational encounters, for example, viciousness, constant destitution, separation, and demise (Burns, Andrews, and Szabo, 2002). In a similar report, afflictions experienced by people explicitly in teenagers during their high school years are recognized as another reason. Young people with poor relational aptitudes and with antagonistic musings bring about friend relationship troubles and in adapting to family issue s (Robinson, et.al. 2008). What's more, the individual’s subjective characteristics apply some impact into a person’s translation of pessimistic life occasions. ... Low confidence is additionally viewed as an indicator of pre-adult sorrow as reflected in their poor physical and scholastic execution in school. People with poor social abilities are probably going to create indications of sadness of specific concern are those encountering challenges in keeping up social relationship (Cole, et.al. 2001). In conclusion, work environment stress is additionally identified with high episodes of melancholy. Potential wellbeing results Depression can prompt an assortment of wellbeing results. Initially, it can realize physical side effects, for example, expanded pulse, pulse, palpitation, and cerebral pain which may result to stroke or respiratory failures in the event that it perseveres (Horn and Miller, 2008). Second, it modifies the passionate viewpoint as clear in the individual encountering bitterness, peevishness, state of mind swings, and threatening vibe. Next, it influences conduct with the goal that the individual beginnings accusing others, get s protective among others. In the long run, it modifies the psychological component of the individual inclining him to poor memory, exorbitant wandering off in fantasy land, inconvenience concentrating, and distraction. Counteraction systems Primary avoidance Primary anticipation includes diminishing the frequencies of the turmoil to incorporate adjusting hazard factors. At first, the individual ought to include herself in sport exercises of his advantage. Such physical action may keep up physical wellbeing as well as it redirects the cerebrum from preparing burdensome idea (Weaver, 2009) and it likewise divert off the brain from exhausting day by day schedules. Another is to rehearse unwinding practices like yoga, contemplation, and tuning in to delicate music since these may loosen up and revive the body and soul. Exercise for grown-up has become a piece of network

17 of the Weirdest Interview Questions Google and Other Big Companies Ask to Identify Top Talent

17 of the Weirdest Interview Questions Google and Other Big Companies Ask to Identify Top Talent Job interviews look alike. There is the introduction, the questioning, the negotiations. There are the behavioral questions, the technical questions, the compatibility questions. But every company, because of their philosophy, purpose and company values have different styles in leading their conversations.The aim of this article is to introduce you to the interviewing style of several leading companies in technology, healthcare, cosmetics, and others.Read this article till the end in order to discover what are the weirdest questions interviewers from those companies have asked job candidates.Those are real questions reported from actual interviewees after their meetings with recruiters from those establishments.While you may never be asked those exact questions, you will get to uncover some of the reasons behind the strangest questions you may be faced with.We hope that through our little analysis, you’ll feel more prepared when the recruiters surprise you on your next job intervie w.1. GOOGLE‘Why are manhole covers round?’The recruiters will not always want you to answer with the true facts. There may be multiple reasons to ask this question:Alphabet hires engineers. You will always make a positive impression on your recruiters if you give a response based on knowledge of civil engineering. The reason why manholes are round is twofold. For one, there is no way a round manhole will fall into the whole. In contrast, if you turn a square manhole up and turn it so that it stands above the opening diagonally, it can fold down. The second reason is that by making a detail round you are saving up on materials. You will use less concrete, steel, etc.Another reason might be to check on the creative thinking of the candidate. A part of programming is to think out-of-the-box. Google’s workers must be capable of reverse engineering, meaning they must be able to analyze why things work the way they work, understand the reason behind it, re-create the same process, a nd, ultimately, improve upon it.How should you answer? Well, with those sorts of questions, the worst thing you can do is, say that you don’t know. The recruiters will want to see your logic behind your thinking and your response. Saying that you don’t know the answer will not do you any favors. The interviewers will think that you were not as logical, as smart, as creative, as knowledgeable, or as original as they would want you to be. And even if you are all of those things, they will not have any good way to prove it.Whenever you face such a question the best strategy is always to try to think out loud. Let the recruiters follow your train of thought for a while. Try to think of a logical answer. The actual end response doesn’t matter that much.Google do love asking weird questions. Here are several run ups:‘How do cell phones work?’ ‘Tell me something quirky about you‘‘How much would a local handyman (with a local business and a 1-2 man operation) be willing to p ay for Adwords?‘ ‘If you and a friend are taking a flight together, what are the chances that you sit next to each other?‘Learn more:2. FACEBOOK‘How would you find out the number of cars passing through a busy bridge?It is one of the technical questions. The company wants to check your skills in Math and your technical knowledge, as well as your ability to be observant. In your answer, you need to take into account:The speed of the vehicles. Bridges normally allow higher speed, but it if is busy, they will probably go at an average speed of about 50 km/h. For easier calculations, let’s go 54 km/h, which is 15 m/s. The length of bridge â€" we need it in meters. Let’s make it 900m. Let’s say the space between the cars is 1,5m, and the length of the vehicles is 3,5m average. Our imaginary bridge will have 6 lanes â€" 3 in each direction. Time equals distance, divided by speed, which means the amount of time it will take 1 car to pass the bridge is 900/15 = 60 seconds. For the amount of time one car crosses the bridge from one end to the other, all cars that were on the bridge before it must have passed as well. So you need to just calculate how many cars fit that space. Divide the length of the bridge by the length of one vehicle plus the length of the space between it and the next one. You are dividing 900 by 5. That means 180 cars will pass for 60 seconds. That is, for 1 lane. For all 6 lanes, 1080 cars will have passed for 1 minute. 3. APPLECan you define empathy for me?Why do they ask you that question? Your interviewers know very well the definition of empathy. What they want to hear from you is your actual attitudes towards empathy. Here is your answering strategy:Give a dictionary-like definition.Continuing with several examples. What acts of empathy made an impression on your mind when you are young?Connect that to your everyday work. How do you use empathy when you interact with your teammates, your customers, and even your supervisors?Fini sh by saying that you know why they ask you this question. Say that you know empathy is important in what you hope to be your future job and how you plan to persevere being empathetic even under pressure.4. AMAZON‘On a scale of 1 10 how whacky can you be?’Why do they ask you that question? The question in this case was asked of a job candidate for the position of a photographer. That particular job candidate warns those coming after him â€" he thinks in this particular case Amazon was looking for cheap workers to photograph items for sale on a white background. He says it is not a job for real photographers. You should be aware why this question could be asked of you. The issue with the job was not a coincidence.Answer high on the scale if you are being recruited for a creative position. Answer low on the scale if you’re being recruited for a highly irrational, analytical position.In this case the chances are high that the recruiters at Amazon knew that it is not a true photo graphers position, and we’re trying to sift through the truly creative professionals from the workers they actually needed â€" the ones who would be satisfied with the 9-to-5 with steady pay, and just anything to do with photography.You should be particularly cautious because whenever we are asked to assess ourselves on the scale from 1 to 10 we are tempted to assess higher, regardless if that would put this in a positive or negative light.5. TESLA‘Recite your resume by heart’The question was asked to software engineering director. If you read the entire testimony you will know the interview didn’t go too well. He explains everybody seemed to be stressed out and too busy. They didn’t have much time for his interview. We are sure it is very exciting to work for Tesla but that is a sign of a bad working environment, normally. This job candidate explains the interviewer actually warned him Elon Musk was known to fire people just after one bad conversation. The reason why you should be careful of such questions is twofold. First, that probably means the recruiter didn’t have the time to prepare for your interview. Second they could suspect you half manipulated your CV and you have embellished your work experience. Even though this job candidate is not happy with his experience, he says every worker might get to test drive a Tesla every once in a while… So you might still be interested to work for the company.At Tesla they focus on very short, very pragmatic questions. Be careful. That means they are not ready to splurge their time on you unless you are worthy of hiring. If recruiter asks you only very short questions this is a red flag. Cut the bull. And come prepared. They have a very easy way to evaluate whether you will be a good employee for them. They will only give you one chance. Learn as much as you can about the company. Do your research. Come up with answers to the classic questions in advance:Tell me about yourself?Tell me about a time you dealt with a difficult situation.How do you go about escalating issues?Tell me about a time when you were successful.Why do you want to work here?  Make sure you’re convincing.6. SPOTIFY‘Sketch out a design for a site like Twitter.’According to the testimonies of interviewees at Spotify, all questions are strictly technological. If you don’t have the right experience or the right resume, you won’t have much luck.Why do they ask you that question? Why Twitter and not a new Spotify?They want to surprise you. They want to check for your skills to analyze, reverse engineer, and improve up on existing tools, programs and apps.Prove you’re interested in the world of technology. Describe what you think of the current system.Describe how you saying the current design contributed to the success of the app.Describe your design ideas.Explain why you think your ideas are an improvement over current website.Say what you think the greatest risks are from the changes that you’re pla nning to introduce.7. UBER‘You have 30 mins to make up a company that utilizes an app and answer questions such as KPI, customer service issues, marketing ideas and overall company structure.’For the company idea go for something simple. Something that will never go out of style and something that is always needed. But at the same time try to stick with transportation. You need to stay relevant. A good example is delivering bread.The app. The app will connect local users to local bakeries. The bread app will work on a subscription basis in order to ensure regular income.KPI. For your key performance indicators it’s always advisory to mention the SMART method. They will be specific, measurable, attainable, relevant, and time-bound. You will have two types of KPI. The first one will be for the bakeries and the other one will be for drivers. You will base expectations on statistics and research. You will factor in the bread consumption in the region, the amount of bakeries who us e your app and the amount of bakeries who do not use your app. You will factor in seasonal changes of traffic. And you will always, always respect the local differences.For customer service issues you will mostly deal with delays or   bad product. Tell the recruiters for you it will be most important to assess the behavior of the customer and the behavior of the driver and the products of the bakeries equally well. To keep a balance. To make everyone happy.For marketing ideas go for a Guerrilla marketing campaign. It will give you the best effect for the lowest budget.For company structure come up with something flat. You need limited management mostly marketing programmers and drivers.8. ADOBE‘Nth Fibonacci number’Why do they ask you that question?The Fibonacci numbers are following the Fibonacci sequence. Each number is created by summing up the two preceding numbers.Careful! When if you are being asked what is the 6th or the 7th or any consequent number in the order, always ask the specifying question whether the sequence should start with a 0 or a 1. The classic starts from the number one. The modern one starts with 0.Here is the Fibonacci sequence for the first 20:(0), 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89, 144, 233, 377, 610, 987, 1597, 2584, 4181. 9. IBM‘What is entropy?’Entropy is the thermodynamic quantity representing the unavailability of a systems thermal energy for conversion into mechanical work. It is often used to describe how disorderly or random the system is. IBM ask you this question to check your technical knowledge, your engineering skills, your design skills, and also your values. Entropy is a commonly used metaphor among scientists of the law of the universe to destroy that which lacks maintenance â€" that which lacks intelligent design. They are essentially asking your opinion on sustainable development.10. HESS‘Whats your favorite color’According to Psychology Today the color you choose does say something about you.  Black says you are sensitive and careful.White says you are organized and logical.Red says you are tenacious and determined. Blue says you love harmony and are reliable.Green says you are affectionate, loyal and frankYellow says you enjoy learning and sharing. It is the color of happiness.Purple says you are artistic and unique. Brown says you are friend and loyal. Choose wisely. 11. CISCOI hate mini-vans but I want you to sell me one anyway.Is this a weird question? It is a perfectly normal question to ask of a salesperson. But the question was asked to an engineer?!Why do they ask you that question?The responsibility to sell lies most heavily on Sales and Engineering. And while the salesperson merely has to convince the customer this product encompasses features that will improve the customers life, the engineer is responsible to create those features. 12. NIKEWhy should Nike go direct to consumer through its own retail stores? What is so weird about this question? Well, shouldn’t th e store know better about their decisions and then the future employees? Not necessarily.Why do they ask you that question? The brand needs to be convinced that all of their employees understand and stand behind their decisions. For example, by going directly to the consumer, the messages of Nike, will reach the public in their pure form. That is a value that their employees must share.13. TWITTER‘What do you need to turn lead into gold?’Why do they ask you that question?Well, every Harry Potter fan knows that you need the Philosophers Stone to turn anything into gold, and to create the elixir of life. To make yourself immortal.The recruiters at Twitter maybe testing your general knowledge of popular culture, or your knowledge of alchemy. In anyway, this is not a question on which you can cheat.14. GENERAL MOTORS‘Describe a time that you had to publicly admit to making a mistake.’The question was asked to an engineer that it was a job applicant at General Motors back in Octo ber 2014. You will recall that back in February is the same year the company had to recall more than 800,000 vehicles because of a faulty ignition which cook shut off doing driving and prevent the airbags from opening doing an accident. Part of the aftermath for the company involved General Motors paying the Department of Transportation $35 million for delaying that recall.Is then the recruiter at General Motors have reportedly adopted a new value system and want to make sure that all of their new employees follow the same values.When you answer such questions make sure that you’ll reassure the recruiters that you are fully aware of the company’s history, that you feel for the tough decisions the management had to take, and that you will do everything in your power to not allow such unfortunate events to happen in the future.15. SEPHORA‘If you wanted to open up a business what would be your plan/steps?’This question was asked in an Assistant Marketing Manager Interview.Why d o they ask you that question? Sephora is a makeup store that operates internationally. In order to keep such an establishment up and the running and be successful, you need to observe strict rules.By answering the question how you would open your own business, you are essentially detailing to your future employer what you believe a successful business requires. Here’s what you need to say in these cases:Describe your idea what inspires you the most. What sort of business would you run?What do you need in order to make it right from the start?Describe their values.Describe how your organization Will be helpful to society. Describe between two and five rules that’s you will instill in your employees as the most important thing.Describe how your future employer embodies most of the features of your dream businessâ€"always bring it back to the company.16. JOHNSON JOHNSON‘What information is important about the sale of one pencil?’Is this a weird question? Yes. Well it wouldn†™t be so weird if it wasn’t asked of a job candidate for an analyst. Why do they ask you that question?They ask you that question because the product seems to be insignificant. In your answer you need to make sure you tell your future employer that you understand how the sale of a small object can contributes to generating big data that will later own become an essential for the organization. You will retain the date of the sale, the personal information of the customer, any special circumstances around the sale holidays weekends, promotions ad campaigns, that were running at the time. And then you will describe to your recruiter why you believe this information Will bring up more sales, Will improve the relationship with your customers, and will, ultimately, make them money.17. LUSHWhich lush product describes you?It seems more of a question that Buzzfeed will include in one of their quizzes, rather than a question you would expect to be asked on an interview for a job at a cosm etics company.Why do they ask you that question?There’re three main reasons why:They want to know if you’re familiar with the companies productsThey wants to know if you have a good imaginationThey want to know your opinion as a customer â€" which product you think is popularCONCLUSIONSometimes recruiters want to surprise you. They want to know more about your personality. The only way to get your truthful response is to get you out of your comfort zone. They know that the best job candidates come prepared. That is why they want to challenge you to think out-of-the-box â€" they want to follow your thinking process instead of seeing only the result of you memorizing successful interviewing techniques.Trust your interviewers. Always answer to the best of your abilities. Whenever you’re faced with the choice between impressing them by being fake or showing your true self, always go for the latter, because of this is the only way they will evaluate if you are a good fit for the co mpany. If they ask you a mathematical question be ready to do some calculations. If they ask you of popular culture questions be ready to show your knowledge. If they ask you a technical question be ready to work on with your mind. While it is tempting to try to analyze the question, most times it will not do you any good. Don’t try to play any games. The best interviewees believe they and the recruiters are on the same side.

Adoption and Nature vs Nurture - 1028 Words

Babe Ruth is arguably the greatest baseball player of all time. Bill Clinton held the highest office in the free world, President of the United States. J.R.R. Tolkein authored one of the most successful fiction book series ever in the Lord of the Rings. Steve Jobs created on of the most successful computer businesses in the world, in Apple Co. What do these men have in common? They were all adopted. Adoption plays a large role in the development of an individual. Adoption plays a role in the long time psychological debate of â€Å"nature vs. nurture†. This paper will address the nature vs. nurture debate, how adoptions plays a role in the debate, give a history of adoption, and tell the story of a personal friend who was adopted and†¦show more content†¦The affects that adoption plays on the development of an individual are somewhat difficult to gage. Researchers tend to agree that is indeed does play a role on the development of a person. Children who are a dopted very early in their lives tend to have a better outcome on their life than a child who is adopted at an older age. There is a study in which shows that the later the adoption took place, the more trouble the person seemed to have. Research has also shown that that adopted children and adolescents had more psychological problems and trouble in school. A large study also found adopted people was more likely to have a learning disability (Santrock, 2009). Not all the research about adopted children is negative however. One study shows that adopted individuals tended to be more altruistic, caring, and supportive of others (Santrock, 2009). The later research is what I have found to be true in my own experience with adopted children. My very good friend Justin Jahanshir is adopted. Justin was born to an alcoholic, drug-abusing mother. Justin was taken in and adopted by Sharom and Shelly Jahanshir as an infant. Justin was raised in a warm and very loving family. He is absolutely nothing like his mother. I asked Justin where would he be in life if he was kept with his mother and he responded, â€Å"I’m pretty sure I would be in jail.† Justin has recentlyShow MoreRelatedAdoption : Nature Vs Nurture1216 Words   |  5 PagesEric Fraley 4th hour English 3 Mrs. Laluzerne Jan, 12, 2016 Adoption Nature vs Nurture What makes someone an unique individual? Centuries of ancestors, genetics, evolution and heredity, or is what makes someone who they are based simply on how they were raised and what sort of environment they were raised in? The idea of Nature vs Nurture was created in 1869 in a book called Hereditary Genius by Francis Galton. In his book, he explains his findings on his exploration of the inheritance andRead MoreEssay on Nature vs Nurture: Twin Studies and Adoption1958 Words   |  8 PagesThe nature- nurture debate has many different case studies, which often questions environmental and hereditary aspects of the nature- nurture debate. A tangent which is focused on in this essay is how the case studies of schizophrenia and IQ, specifically affect twin and adoption studies. This essay will firstly, give a brief outline of the nature-nurture debate and the definitions of twin and adoption studies. Secondly, it will illustrate two main case studies, which are IQ and Schizophrenia s tudiesRead More Nature vs Nurture: Genes vs Environment Essay1490 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction A debate between psychologist, scientists and philosopher thinkers on the spectrum of ‘nature vs. nurture’ arose concerning human development. In the nature versus nurture debate, the term nature refers to the genes we inherit while the term nurture refers to our outside environment (Nature vs. Nurture: Twin and Adoption Studies). This debate of ‘nature vs. nurture’ has existed for centuries and up to now it is still a topic of major discussion although at present time. Human developmentRead MoreNature vs. Nurture1218 Words   |  5 Pagesdifferent people with different interests and preferences? Or did the environments that they grew up in play a part in making who they are? In the nature vs. nurture controversy, nature proclaims that our genetic make-up plays the primary role in human development, while nurture declares that our environment dictates our development. The nature vs. nurture controversy is an age old question in the scientific and psychological world with both camps having evidence to support their theories. The controversyRead MoreNature Vs Nurture Centers On How Much Of A Person s Biological, Cognitive, And Social Development1541 Words   |  7 PagesINTRODUCTION Nature Vs Nurture centers on how much of a person’s biological, cognitive, personal and social development can be attributed to either the genetic (hereditary) determinism i.e. nature or the environmental determinism i.e. nurture. Charles Darwin (1809-1882) noted that â€Å"Physical characteristics that promote survival of the individual are more likely to be passed on to offspring because the individuals with these characteristics are likelyRead MoreEssay Genetic and Environmental Contributions to Substance Abuse1125 Words   |  5 PagesThe question of nature vs. nurture has been the focus of many debates, especially within the discipline of psychological sciences. This paper will examine the views that exist regarding the importance of contributions to the risk of addiction, specifically, genetic (nature) vs. environmental (nurture) contributions through a review of the existing literature. The nature-based view is that expression of addiction (phenotype) is based upon genetic predisposition (genotype). Numerous genetic studiesRead More Genetic Factors and Criminal Behavior Essay709 Words   |  3 Pagesthat just because someone has a predisposition to a certain behavior doesn’t mean that the person will take on that behavior. They also look at Genetic Epidemiological Studies. These three studies deal with twins in relation to their families and adoption. These studies were set up to further look at both environmental and genetic influence in relation to criminal conduct. Looking at the relationship between biological, adoptive parents, and children (some twins, others not) and the results of beingRead MoreThe Importance of Nature and Nurture Essay1036 Words   |  5 Pages The nature versus nurture debate has lasted centuries due to the difficulty of separating genetic and environmental factors in humans. Studies on behavioral genetics measure similarity between subjects, but cannot locate its origin. For this, a control must be present, leading scientists to twin research. Identical twins have the exact same DNA, differing from fraternal twins with only 50% similarity, no greater than average siblings. Identical twins offer a natural experiment that allows researchersRead MoreAre Criminals Born or Made?1016 Words   |  5 PagesPsychologists have come up with many theories and reasons about why people commit crimes. The two main explanations lie in genetic and environmental factors, which relates to the nature and nurture debate. Studies have been carried out to explain criminal behavior. Some suggest that criminals are born; these are twin and adoption studies. On the other hand there are also studies that have been conducted to prove that criminals are made by society; these include the social learning theory and labelingRead MoreNature Vs Nurture : Assignment Written By Jessica Lovelock1386 Words   |  6 PagesNature Vs Nurture – Assignment written by Jessica Lovelock The Nature-Nurture debate has been scrutinised by psychologists for over a hundred years and, more recently, by biologists in the field of cognitive science. It inquires as to the influence of both ‘nature’; the hereditary present factors of a person determined by biological genetics; ‘Nurture’ is based on circumstance, the belief that the person we are is purely influenced by our environment, upbringing and circumstances that we encounter

The United Kingdom Food Supplements Industry Free Essay Example, 2000 words

In the UK, Vitamins and Food nutrients suppliers have used a wide range of market channels to ensure that their products reach the consumer. While any approach may be suitable for targeting the consumers, it is clear each approach has its own ups and downs as far as the volume of sales is concerned. One popular approach that manufacturers have used is stocking their products in drug stores and chemists. Currently, a majority of organizations have used this approach due to take advantage of the public conception of supplements as medicinal products. Since these vitamins and supplements are packaged as pills, they are easy to sell to customers who have nutritional deficiencies (Virtsonis and Sally 559). While this approach has gained popularity, it gives the impression that supplements are pills that should be taken during illness. Therefore, manufacturers have opted to shift their stock to supermarkets to ensure that customers can access these products outside the market and use them regularly. Direct selling of nutritional additives is gaining momentum in the current market conditions due to changes in consumer attitudes. Direct selling provides manufacturers with the opportunity to market their products with the consumers and to provide valuable information that is important in pursuing buyers. We will write a custom essay sample on The United Kingdom Food Supplements Industry or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now At a time when consumers require transparent information about products, direct contact between manufacturers and consumers is crucial. For the last five years, manufacturers are using this approach to support their marketing strategies and to understand customer behavior. Therefore, the approach is allowing producers to gain trust from the customers by providing them with reliable products that suit the demand (Virtsonis and Sally 556). However, opening direct sale stores is an expensive investment for organizations. Resultantly, organizations that use this channel are unable to produce favorable prices as compared to those who make indirect sales.

New Labour claims to be ‘tackling domestic violence on every front’ (Home Office 2000) Free Essays

In 1999, the Government published ‘Living Without Fear: An Integrated Approach to reducing domestic violence’, outlining their commitment to reducing the incidence of violence against women and the strategy for accomplishing this. Safe housing is a basic human need. As many women are dependent upon a man for this necessity, the choice between unsafe housing or homelessness is often unrealisable. We will write a custom essay sample on New Labour claims to be ‘tackling domestic violence on every front’ (Home Office 2000) or any similar topic only for you Order Now The majority of safe accommodation for women escaping violent relationships is provided by the voluntary sector with little support from the state. Safe housing is a crucial element for women leaving violent partners. ‘The need for both temporary and permanent secure accommodation for women and children who have left home because of violence must be paramount’ (Harwin and Brown 2000 p219) In this essay, I plan to review the history of safe housing provision for women in the UK and look at the influence of the Women’s Aid movement, the role of local authorities and the influence of the Conservative governments. Then I will assess the welfare needs of vulnerable women and children – what housing support do women escaping violent relationships need? Do different ethnic groups have different needs? Following that, Labour’s focus upon domestic violence will be analysed and I will assess whether this emphasis has produced any real changes for women in terms of housing and homelessness. In term of housing, Dobash and Dobash (2000) developed four conditions under which an abused woman is able to be safe: 1. Her male partner ceases his violence and lives peacefully; 2. The woman escapes to refuge where she can live free of violence, albeit only temporarily; 3. The man is successfully evicted from the matrimonial home, remains away and does not harass her, or; 4. The woman is safely rehoused in another home and is not pursued or harassed in her new location. (Dobash and Dobash 2000 p200) The Government’s pledge represents significant statutory commitment to this issue for the first time – do Labour’s promises reflect real change? Firstly, to look at the history of safe housing provision for women in the UK. Traditionally, it has been thought that the state ought not to interfere in family life; domestic violence therefore raises questions about the position of the state in the private sphere of the family (Wasoff and Day 2000). Even relatively recently, the prevalence of this attitude can be identified. During the thirteen years of Conservative government during the 1980s and 90s, an emphasis was placed upon the important role played by the nuclear family unit and policy encouraged ‘traditional family values’ and stigmatised groups such as single parents. Policy objectives of the time were directed at ‘tackling the problem’ which tended to express a ‘problem family’ orientation towards reducing recurrences of abuse of violence. Consequently, this approach underplayed policies aimed towards prevention or the enforcement of victim’s rights. The feminist refuge movement was established in the 1970s, previous to this there was no provision and women leaving a violent partner had to rely on the informal sector for support from family or friends. Domestic violence was not regarded as a sufficient reason for homelessness and any input from statutory agencies such as the police or social service departments was geared towards reconciliation (Morley 2000). The women’s refuge movement began with a few houses offering sanctuary to women organised on ‘self-help’ principles. Somerville (2000) notes the influence of the movement upon public perceptions of domestic violence that led to major changes in public policy. Consequently, there has been a huge amount of legislative change. This began with the Domestic Violence Act (1976) which allowed a woman to obtain a court order to excluded her violent partner from the home and the Housing (Homelessness) Act (1977) made it a duty for local authorities to house women made homeless as a result of domestic violence. However, whilst this was an enormous step forward, in reality women had a difficult time ‘proving’ violence. Due to the nature of domestic violence, there are rarely witnesses. The wording of the1977 Act was ambivalent and open to misinterpretation, less than half of refuge groups felt that it had improved women’s housing prospects (Morley 2000 p233), this was largely due to inconsistencies in legislative interpretation. Surveys such as Jayne Mooney’s study into domestic violence in North London (1994) revealed high levels of domestic violence, this put pressure on the government to make more legislative changes. Changes in policing emphasised the importance of protecting the victim and taking strong positive action against the perpetrator. Similarly, social service departments made an ‘about face’, recognising the importance of empowering mothers, rather than threatening them with the removal of their children. However, whilst the 1990s have been regarded as a period of significant development in terms of public awareness of domestic violence (Hague 1999), The Housing Act (1996) has been seen by some as a step backwards. This legislation removed the right of those defined as ‘statutorily homeless’ to be housed permanently. Local authorities can only offer permanent accommodation to those registered on the council housing list; those escaping domestic violence are now merely entitled to temporary accommodation. The legislation gave local authorities the power to refuse housing to any person believed to have suitable accommodation elsewhere, this especially affects women from ethnic minority groups who could be assessed as having access to housing in another country (Harwin and Brown 2000). Obviously, this had consequences for many made homeless as a result of violence. Section 180 of the 1996 Act made local authority funding for refuges a duty. As a result, an average 37% of refuge income is received from this source but has brought with it its own disadvantages. Women’s Aid (2000a) note that some local authorities fail to comply or set conditions which ‘undermine strategies for ensuring the safety of abused women and children’ as well as putting pressure upon refuges to only take local women. That aside, as mentioned earlier, the trend towards appropriate intervention and support for those escaping violent relationships has been upwards. A 1992 Home Office Enquiry resulted in a co-ordinated national response and emphasised multi-agency co-operation. There are now over 300 refuges throughout the country offering a wide range of services with specialist provision for women and children from differing ethnic and cultural backgrounds. Before I move on to examining the role New Labour have played in terms of safe housing provision it is important to look at exactly what it is that is needed by women and children escaping violence from men. The Conservative government’s introduction of the ‘right to buy’ programme has resulted in depleted council housing stock and social renting has developed into a residual sector (Conway 2000). Local authority housing has increasingly catered for a smaller range of people marginalized from mainstream society. Combined with the fact that households headed by women are at a disadvantage as a whole in the UK this results in further social inequality for those escaping domestic violence. Women need good quality housing in a safe environment with a responsive housing management. Access to suitable housing would include: ? A sensitive response to all applicants ? Day-to-day management support ? Specialist support staff ? Liaison with other services and agencies ? Benefits advice/debt counselling (Adapted from Conway 2000 p102) McGee (2000 p91) identified three main areas of support wanted by women escaping domestic violence: 1. Easily accessible information regarding sources of support. 2. Counselling. 3. Help for mothers in supporting the children to deal with their experiences. This final point is a particularly important one. Refuge financing does not take into account the numbers of children using refuges. There is no recognition of the existence of children, and the cost of providing for children, when there may be up to 18 children in a six-bedroom project (Women’s Aid 2000a). Additionally to this, children are often extremely disturbed by the violence they have witnessed and the disruption in their lives, yet a quarter of all refuges have no funding for a specialist children’s worker. Women from minority groups can face increased difficulty when escaping a violent partner. Racism especially plays a large part in dissuading black women from taking action to address violence from a partner. The reputation of the police is a significant factor in this. Mama (2000) notes that the police appear more ready to investigate cases of illegal immigration than to respond to cases of domestic violence. Despite attempts to challenge racism within the police force, officers on the ground have still been found to perpetrate the abuse via racism. The belief that violence against women is part of the black culture is one that appears especially resistant (Mama 2000). In terms of housing it is imperative for black women to be housed in an area which not only places her in an area away from the perpetrator but also ensures her safety from racism. Women, especially those with children, are more likely than men to be dependant upon social housing; for women from ethnic minority backgrounds this is even more so. The most crucial need of women, overwhelmingly in evidence, is that of safe permanent housing. The refuge movement has improved service provision for women considerably, but is limited by their ability to solely provide temporary housing for women and children. Only by statutory provision can this need be met. This would necessitate significant statutory change. Women who continue to live with a violent partner often give their fear of being homeless as their reason for remaining (Mama 2000), a valid one as evidence suggests. If New Labour is ‘committed to tackling domestic violence on every front’; this is the key area they need to be addressing. So, to evaluate the progress being made. Since coming to power, Labour have been keen to adopt a more progressive stance towards domestic violence than the Conservative rhetoric for supporting traditional families that arguably promoted male control over women. Publications such as ‘Living Without Fear’ (1999) and the ‘Break the Chain’ (1999) campaign were some of the platforms used by the Government to address this issue and encourage people to access help and support. Early evaluations of Labour’s policy response to domestic violence have been cautious in supporting the Government’s proposals. Hague (1999) acknowledges that both before and after election, Labour have been clear in their commitment to improving services for victims of domestic violence. However, she notes that there have been contradictions and lack of consistency in policy. Both Hague (1999) and Harwin and Barron (2000) draw attention to the fact that there are discrepancies between local authorities in terms of practice guidelines. There is no national policy to govern their practice and whilst many local authorities have recognised the serious nature of domestic violence, some less liberal authorities adopt a harsh view of the law, leaving many women and children in insecure and vulnerable positions in terms of housing. There is no single government office directly responsible for policy in this area; it falls between the Home Office, the Department of Environment and the Department of Health. A clear example of this is the research discussed later in this essay. This reiterates the findings published by the Government in ‘Tackling Domestic Violence’ (1998) which considered how local authorities dealt with domestic violence and partnerships with other agencies. Based on evidence from local authorities it discovered evidence of inadequate funding and incomprehensive coverage (Wasoff and Dey 2000). In the publication ‘Government Policy Around Domestic Violence’, little attention is paid to housing and accommodation despite the actuality it is recognised as a key issue. The key point states the Department of Environment, Transport and the Regions has worked with other Government agencies to commission research into accommodation and support services available to those suffering domestic violence. Harwin and Barron (2000) assessed the research in terms of accommodation provision; their key findings, published by the Home Office, include: ? Leaving the family home is a last resort and some would have stayed if security was improved ? Good practice by local authorities needs to be examined and assessed ? Problems with service provision still exists ? Official figures on homelessness due to violence are inaccurate and underestimate the extent of the problem ? In term of temporary accommodation, much is not appropriate for women with children and the length of stay in temporary accommodation is unacceptable The paper concludes that monitoring of domestic violence need to be improved in terms of how many applicants for housing as a result of violence are rejected and support services need to be improved, particularly resettlement services. A key area only to be addressed this year has been that of the Housing Act 1996 in relation to homelessness. Hague stated ‘If it [the Housing Act 1996] remains on the statute book under Labour, [it] is a license for less liberally-minded authorities to adopt harsh measures.’ (Hague 1999 p144) With the Homelessness Act 2002, Labour has brought major changes to the statutory program of help for women who are homeless as a result of domestic violence (Delahay 2002). Whilst it makes no new environment for homelessness or housing allocation, the Act does contain some tangible revisions to the terms of the Housing Act 1996. Introduced is a new category of priority need for housing for ‘a person who is vulnerable as a result of ceasing to occupy accommodation by reason of violence from another person or threats of violence from another person which are likely to be carried out’ Homelessness Act 2002 s10 Additionally, the proposed Code of Good Practice emphasises the safety of the applicant and maintaining confidentiality. The need to ‘prove’ violence has been repealed and it has been accepted that the impact of violence or threatened violence can be cumulative. The impact of this legislative change is impossible to evaluate at present but it does represent a significant shift towards supportive measures for those experiencing violence. The Government has placed a great deal of focus upon developing a co-ordinated response towards domestic violence in terms of multi-agency partnerships. ‘Our overall goals are†¦to see effective multi-ageny partnerships operating throughout England and Wales’ Living Without Fear (1999) Local authorities have been particularly responsive to these initiatives (Hague 1999) Examining the wider picture, increasing women’s eligibility for housing will not have a real impact if this is not backed up by addressing the problem of residualisation. Labour is doing little to address this (Morley 2000) and could even be seen as exacerbating the issue by announcing in Autumn 2002 their intention to grant housing association tenants the right to buy which will further deplete social housing stock. In conclusion, there have been huge improvements in terms of support for women experience violence in the home, much of this directly attributable to the work of Women’s Aid and other feminist groups. The Government’s commitment to addressing this issue can only be positive but the overall picture remains one of ambivalence and lack of consistency in policy implementation. Continued lack of funding appears to remain the key issue in terms of housing and is holding back comprehensive intervention. Domestic violence is about control over women, a sentiment that thrives within the larger system of patriarchy within our society Our social order is antagonistic to the female gender. If domestic violence is about control, then our society enables men’s control over women. As a whole, Labour’s policy has a tendency towards liberalism (with a small ‘l’!), thereby neglecting policies that might encourage equality. It is important to acknowledge the increased prominence of domestic violence, however, fundamentally the Government falls short on its claim to be ‘tackling domestic violence on every front’. When a woman makes the important step of leaving an abusive relationship she faces a society that opposes her at every turn – lower pay, little accessible childcare, and significantly inadequate housing – no wonder the relationship begins to look attractive again. How to cite New Labour claims to be ‘tackling domestic violence on every front’ (Home Office 2000), Papers

RN-BSN educational program free essay sample

As you enter your RN-BSN educational program, you are again going through a period of socialization or transformation. As you learn more about the roles of the BSN-prepared nurse, how can you use other nurses with BSNs and higher degrees to help you in your socialization or transformation? What factors are most important as you become socialized as a BSN student? What are your resources in this process? How can this process be most effective? According to the lesson, socialization is the interactive process of developing an identity through learning the knowledge, skills, values, attitudes, and norms needed to perform the role (Chamberlain, 2013). We use our experiences with other nurses in our profession to the set â€Å"bar† of which we need to meet or exceed in our daily roles. I look to the more experienced nurses (BSN or just more time in the field) to help teach me tools of the trade that I use on job. We will write a custom essay sample on RN-BSN educational program or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The values they hold and the attitude toward patient care direct me in my ways of thinking, while remaining an independent thinker. I feel that I should never hold myself above my peers, even in a supervisor role, and should learn something new daily. This is one of the things that make the nursing field so diverse and exciting. I can go to work every day and never see the exact same thing twice. I am in this BSN course because I would like to be a role model for other nurses; I want to have the positive attitude to influence the next generation of healthcare providers. We were asked in the lesson this week to review our own philosophy of nursing, as I reflect I feel myself being transformed already as we go through this course. I am happy being a â€Å"bedside† nurse, but I am realizing I do not have to give that up to be a leader. I realize the nurses I work with daily help me transform to be a better RN without even noticing. This is in my mind the ultimate professional socialization occurring in real time. Chamberlain College of Nursing. (2013). Week 3: Framework for Professional Nursing Practice; Nurse as Communicator. Chamberlain College of Nursing Online – Lecture. Retrieved January 21, 2014 As you considered the four central concepts of professional nursing from the lesson, you thought about how each of those is incorporated into your own philosophy of nursing. Select one of those four central concepts, and explain how it is exemplified in your own philosophy of professional nursing. Nursing is defined in the lesson as the care provided to restore or maintain health is the function of nursing. Care is provided to aid the human response to health and illness (Chamberlain, 2013). I find this central concept of professional nursing to be one of the most important concepts in my practice as a nurse. In order to be a good nurse we have to first and foremost nurse. This is not an easy thing to accomplish at the high levels our patients deserve. I take great pride that I am a member of several professional organizations and hold certifications at the highest levels pertinent to my practice. I take the time outside of my job to maintain currency and educational sharpness above and beyond what is required of me at my job, because it matters to the people I take care of. Nurses today are required to take on an ever expansive role as a practitioner. In critical care nursing we are taking care of an ever increasing number of complex sick patients and are required to know far beyond the scope we all learned in nursing school originally. It goes back to our socialization with experienced nurses to help us transition in to the new roles of advanced care providers. The attitude, knowledge, skills, values, and norms needed to perform the role we learned from our peers are important in the central concept of nursing (Chamberlain, 2013). I hope to contribute to my profession with my BSN and lead by example for future nurses to help them learn this important concept. Chamberlain College of Nursing. (2013). Week 3: Framework for Professional Nursing Practice; Nurse as Communicator. Chamberlain College of Nursing Online – Lecture. Retrieved January 21, 2014

RR 4 Essays (632 words) - The Birth-Mark, Given Names, Skin

Reading Reaction Reading Reaction on "The Birthmark" The short story "The Birthmark" by Nathaniel Hawthorne is about a devoted scientist named Aylmer who is someone that has no other passions except for science. This passion was almost set aside completely once he found the love of his life, the sweet, beautiful Georgiana. Georgiana has such a way of beauty that almost reaches perfection. However, there is one speck of imperfection that is strikingly red across her cheek. Georgiana has a birthmark in the shape of a small hand on her face. She has never had a problem with this birthmark and her past lovers have always seen it as very attractive. "some fairy at her birth hour had laid her tiny hand upon the infant's cheek," (Hawthorne, 1846, p. 37). This birthmark was such a beauty mark that made Georgiana's face so special and unique the epitome of human imperfection . Prior to getting married, Aylmer never paid too much attention to the birthmark on Georgiana's face. However, after tying the knot, Aylmer grew more and more irritated with the red hand on her cheek. He became so obsessed with getting rid of this birthmark on her cheek that Aylmer even had a dream of cutting it out. In his dream, though, the deeper he would try to get to the birthmark, the deeper it would go. Eventually the birthmark reached to her heart and he was fully willing to cut through her heart to get it out. When Aylmer told Georgiana of his dream, she grew upset quickly and told him to find a way to get rid of her birthmark on her face. Before this incident, Georgiana had never thought of herself as an ugly person, but she did, and it was very upsetting. Aylmer had already began devising a plan to rid Georgiana's face of her birthmark. He had developed an elixir that would eventually put her to sleep and remove the birthmark on her face. Once Georgiana dr inks the elixir, it puts her to sleep and Aylmer watches the birthmark slowly fade. Aylmer's assistant, Aminadab, was in the lab during this procedure and laughed after he watched the birthmark fade. Initially Aylmer encouraged the laughter after the successful removal of Georgiana's birthmark, however that mood changed not long after. The ruckus woke Georgiana up from her sleep and her first words were, "My poor Aylmer!" (Hawthorne, 1846, p. 54). She then explained to him that although he had done a rather noble job on removing the birthmark that she was dying. Aylmer was foolish to focus on such a small imperfection on a rather perfect face and he quickly lost the love of his life. It was after Georgiana died that Aminadab chuckled even louder than he did the first time. He saw the bigger picture of everything; he saw what the birthmark symbolized. The birthmark , as a whole, symbolizes human imperfection as a general concept. People are in no way, shape, or form perfect beings. Being unique and different is a mere definition of what being human means. The color is a deep red which does not go unnoticed on any shade of skin tone, however, the truly unnoticeable aspect o f Georgiana's birthmark was the shape of it. A tiny hand placed upon her cheek, as if God himself had left it when creating her beautiful face. Once Aylmer expressed his growing disgust over her birthmark, she began to see herself as ugly which is a common occurrence when any human being is exposed of their flaws. There is no perfect human, and that is why Georgiana died after the birthmark vanished.

Election Administration Reform essays

Election Administration Reform essays The election of 2000 is one that we will all remember, not because the candidates but because of the state of Florida. The chaos of the 2000 election in Florida has shown that our electoral system is in definite need of immediate reform. Not necessarily our voting system but more the means that we cast our votes. Some of the main problems in the 2000 election were the actual machines that we used to cast our votes. Other major issues were confusing ballots, inaccurate voter eligibility lists, lack of access for people with disabilities and the chaos surrounding the absentee ballot. The election of 2000 was a wake up call to the government and to the people of the U.S. that our election methods are long over due for a reform. In Florida, during the 2000 presidential elections one word that the citizens heard over and over for 2 weeks straight every news channel was chads. The word Chads refers the little piece of paper that pops out of the when the voter casts their vote. The problems surrounding the chads are that sometimes they do not fully pop out and are left dangling on the ballot resulting in that persons vote not getting cast. The reason we have this problem is because of the voting machines that we use. The pull lever machine that a majority of our voting polls use is very outdated and needs to be replaced with more advanced equipment. Another major concern with these machines is that many of the oldest, clumsiest ones tend to find their way into the poorest, minority neighborhoods. (League of woman voters) Another problem with the voting system that we have right now is that there is no consideration for people that have a disability of any kind. It is hard enough for them to get to the polling places and then when they do there is not a machine that many of them would be able to use and there is no way for them to have any real privacy. If they can not operate the voting machines by th...

Will a new economy lead to new attitudes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Will a new economy lead to new attitudes - Essay Example The introduction of new technologies had replaced many manufacturing processes done in 1930s. Under the present economy, new industries are introduced, jobs are created, wages and income increase and skills are honed. New industries gives new jobs, new technologies and provide new ways or organizing works that have changed work patterns in many existing jobs. As business becomes high tech, goods and services are more innovative and production grows to be flexible, attitude of people becomes to be more conscious of efficiency and productivity. Wherein before, there is a perception that it is difficult to make business in other parts of the world, now the world becomes our next door’s neighbor. As the IT brings in development of trade toward globalization, the new attitude is that of being innovative to become competitive and having a strong disposition to compete in global business world. (â€Å"The new economy index†) In conclusion, new attitude developed by the new economy are the outlook towards global competitiveness, that of being responsive to technological change, manners in business, mind-set of being efficient and innovative in the light of the fast pace of economic

Great Depression in West Chester, PA Research Paper

Great Depression in West Chester, PA - Research Paper Example West Chester, PA1 is the village which had been ravaged by the Great Depression. The Great Depression took place in October 1929. The depression was triggered by the stock market crash. The crash was the offshoot of the social protest movements. The people had a growing sense that the government should step into the economic debacle. The people wanted the government, especially in Chicago, to directly give a positive impact on the ordinary citizen’s lives. The hardest hit community was Chicago. More than 50 percent of the 1929 Chicago factory workers had been retrenched due to the onslaught of the Great Depression. Chicago imposed taxes on its residents in 1928. In response, the citizens staged a strike. The strikes forced the Chicago government into bankruptcy because it could not collect the taxes needed to pay the government’s daily operating expenses that include government employee payroll. The 1929 Great Depression2 did not significantly reduce customer revenue in West Chester, P.A. On the other hand, the sales of movie theatre tickets increased during the difficult years. The West Chester movie scene indicates a stark difference between from the movie theaters in other parts of the United States. Specifically, the movie sales of theaters in other parts had declined to unprecedented levels. The secret of West Chester’s movie theater revenue increase is innovation. ... On the other hand, most of the movie theaters in many parts of the United States did not include a sound system. The movies were soundless. Popular movies during the soundless movie era included the many movies of Charlie Chaplin, a comedian. In terms of the movie theater industry, West Chester, PA profitably continued its sound-engineered movie theater programs. In addition, Robert Himmelberg (3) emphasized â€Å"unforeseen and unexpected, inexplicable and inexorable, the Great Depression was a traumatic experience for many of the men and women of the 1930s and exercised a profound influence on the generation that lived through it. In its duration and magnitude, it was infinitely more severe than any other episode of â€Å"hard times† in American national life and was unquestionably the dominant force molding the nation’s history during the long decade reaching from mid-1929 through 1940†. The Great Depression had established great hardship and economic difficul ties to a majority of the Americans, especially in West Chester. The 1929 Great Depression also produced a political and social environment that was ripe for a major negative transformation rippling across the entire range of economic, political, and social institutions and policies of the United States government. The 1929 Great Depression had created a strong impact on people’s everyday lives, especially in West Chester, PA. Many had suffered from economic hardship and insecurity. The majority of Americans escaped actual retrenchment from their current jobs or disappearance of their farm or home. However, the people’s faces shaped by the 1929 Great Depression in a significantly unfavorable manner because they had lived in an insurmountable fear that the 1929 Great Depression can easily swallow

Microorganisms in Waste Water Treatment Process

Microorganisms in Waste Water Treatment Process When people think of microorganisms, they tend to think of unsafe pathogens. While this may be of concern there are beneficial microorganisms living ubiquitously around us as well. Microorganisms that live in air, soil, and groundwater live in a symbiotic cycle, consuming harmful chemicals and masses of organic materials. Therefore, it is only natural that scientists would harness the natural biodegradation of these in the field of Wastewater Management. Biotechnologists prefer to call this process bioremediation. They have been using bioremediation on wastewater for many years and have discovered a plethora of usable microorganisms. Due to the vast amounts of microorganisms capable of bioremediation, this paper is focusing on bacterium capable of breaking down organic material useful in treating wastewater. Wastewater treatment is performed on a variety of waste sources such as agricultural, residential, and industrial waste. Many bacteria such as Nitrsomonas, nitrobacter and paracoccus are important players in the treatment of industrial and sewage waste. The use of microbes in wastewater treatment plants is an integral piece of the wastewater treatment process due to the fact that microbial population in a facility can become depleted resulting in system back-ups, organic material build-up and overall reduction in system efficiency. It is at this point when supplementation of a microbial product becomes necessary. There are three stages of wastewater treatment: primary, secondary, and tertiary where microorganisms can be added or encouraged to grow in wastewater . The first two stages are concerned with large debris and organic matter removal by the use of a variety of filtration and sedimentation processes. Microbial organisms are stimulated in the second and third stages and the goa l is to degrade excessive amounts of contaminants such as nitrogen, phosphates, oils, chemicals and heavy metals by the third stage. One common practice used in residential wastewater in the second stage, is using activated sludge techniques, which aerates the waste to stimulate denitrifying and nitrifying microorganisms to biodegrade the waste. Most large sewage treatment plants use a two-phase digestion system in which organics are metabolized by  bacteria,  anaerobically. In the first stage, the sludge is heated and mixed in a closed tank for about 15 days, while digestion takes place. The sludge then flows into a second tank, which serves primarily for storage and settling. Sludge digestion is a biological process in which organic solids are decomposed into stable substances. Nitrifying and denitrifying organisms, both aerobic and anaerobic are added to convert about half of the organic sludge solids to liquids and gases (Siezen Galardini, 2008). Nitrosomonas europae was isolated in 1892 by Russian microbiologist Sergio Winogradsky. It has been a useful bacterium in wastewater treatment, usually added in the secondary treatment process due to its ability to breakdown organic material. If given an aerobic environment, ammonia is oxidized first to nitrite by ammonia-oxidizing bacteria, then nitrite is oxidized to nitrate by nitrite-oxidizing bacteria which makes N. europaea primarily important in the nitrification cycle (Arp and Bottomley, 2006). Nitrosomonas. europaea  is a bacillus shaped, gram-negative obligate chemolithoautotroph; which is an autotroph that gets its energy from oxidation of inorganic substances in the absence of light. It is a mobile bacteria with flagella located in its polar region. It commonly inhabits places rich in ammonia and inorganic salt, such as in soils, freshwaters, stone monuments, and sewage. It obtains most of its energy from its ammonia-oxidizing capabilites, an unusual process for most ba cteria.  Cell division may take several days due to its need for large amounts of ammonia consuming about 25 moles of ammonia per mole of carbon dioxide assimilated into cellular biomass (Arp and Bottomley, 2006).   Due to its long delay in cell division, scientists tend to avoid studying Nitrosomona. N. eurpoaea gains carbon from the atmosphere by converting carbon in a gaseous form into carbon bound up in organic molecules. Its genome consists of a single circular chromosome with 2,812,094 bases. Its gene structure denotes that it must take in Fe and suggests it can take in other metals such as Cu, Cd, Zn, and Co as well (Chain, Lamerdin, Larimer, Ragala, Lao, 2003). N. europea functions best at a basic ph but can tolerate a ph between 6.0-9.0 and it prefers temperatures between 20-30 degrees Celsius. Nitrobacter hamburgensis got its name because it was isolated in soil of the Old Botanic Garden in Hamburg. It is a gram-negative bacteria that lives mainly in soil, building sandstone, and sewage sludge. It is pear-shaped and has one sub-polar flagellum. There is one circular DNA chromosome and three circular DNA plasmids with 4,406,967 base pairs on the chromosome. (Kaipa, et al, 2010). N. hamburgensis  gains energy from oxidation of nitrite to nitrate and has the ability of metabolizing nitrogen in nitrite from its environment. It is found mainly in soil and freshwater. (Arp Bottomley, 2006). The bacteria has provided a solution to removing high levels of nitrogen from municipal effluents of wastewater treatment plants. Biofilms with different nitrifying bacteria including  N. hamburgensis  have been constructed. Before the invention of these biofilms very large and expensive reactors were used for this purpose. Paracoccus denitrificans, an organism that removes high levels of nitrogen in wastewater when paired with Nitrosomonas europaea, a nitrifying organism which reduces ammonia to nitrate. P. denitrifican  is a spherical coccus shaped gram-negative bacteria having a double membrane cell wall. It inhabit soils in either aerobic or anaerobic environments. First isolated in 1910 by Martinus Beijerinck, a Dutch microbiologist gave the organism the name  Micrococcus denitrificans, only later to be changed by Diana.H. Davis in 1969 to the current name Paracoccus denitrificans after the discovery that the bacteria contained many features known to be in mitochondria, possibly an ancestor to the eukaryotic mitochondria. (Davis, et al, 1969). The genome of  P. denitrificans  consists of two circular chromosomes and one plasmid. The first chromosome has 2,852,282 base pairs and the second chromosome has 1,730,097 base pairs. The plasmid has 653,815 base pairs (Swiss Inst., 2007). Many of th e proteins transcribed and translated from the plasmid is what gives  P. denitrificans  its unique features of the ability to metabolize ammonium to nitrogen gas. Due to P. denitrificans  ability to produce more than 5000 proteins it is useful in biotechnological applications (Uemoto Saiki, 2007). Another process commonly used in wastewater treatment is the use of biofilms, various trickling rock filters that encourage biofilms. (Sillankorva, Neubauer, Azeredo, 2008) These biofilms build microorganism communites enclosed in a matrix of extracellular polymeric substances separated by water channels. Within these colonies are a variety of bacteria, fungi and algae which biodegrade waste. Psuedomonas fluorescens, P. syringae and P. putida are a few of the bacterias found in biofilms. As well as fungus like Mycelium and algaes. The biofilm community is an optimal environment for cell-cell interactions, including the cellular exchange of genetic material, and nutrient exchange within the community. The matrix protects the microorganisms from UV exposure, metal toxicity, acid exposure, dehydration and salinity, phagocytosis, antibiotics, and antimicrobial agents (Hall-Stoodley, et al 2004). Pseudomonas fluorescens makes a great contribution to the turnover of organic matter and while present in soil, is abundant on the surfaces of plant roots and leaves. P. fluorescens grows at an optimum temperature of 25 ° Celsius but can also survive in temperatures as low as 0 ° degrees Celsius make it a rare pathogenic in humans. The bacterias degrading ability has been applied to pollutants such as styrene, TNT and, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (Sillankorva, Neubauer, Azeredo, 2008). Notable is P. putida possessing a high biodegrading metabolism. It can breakdown styrene which is a highly polluting synthetic chemical, used to make plastics (Park, et al, 2005)). Pseudomonas putida is a gram-negative shaped bacteria, similar to  Pseudomonas aeruginosa, an known pathogen to humans, however it is missing key gene segments that P. aeruginosa possess making it nonpathogenic. The biochemistry of P. putida makes it an aerobic, gram negative, flourescent colored, rod-shaped bacteria. It a motile organism with one or more polar flagella. They are usually found in moist soil and water environments and grow optimally at room temperature. Certain strains have the ability to grow on and break down many dangerous pollutants and aromatic  hydrocarbons  such as toluene,  benzene, and ethylbenzene.  P. putida  can also be used in petroleum plants to purify fuel. P. putida  is also closely related to  Pseudomonas syringae, an abundant plant pathogen, but again it la cks the gene that causes such disease (DOE, 1998). The first isolation of Psuedomonas syringae occurred in 1902 by van Hall from a diseased lilac. Psuedomonas syringae are aerobic rod-shaped gram negative bacteria that are motile with the use of several polar flagella. Psuedomonas syringae secretes a plant toxin making it a known plant pathogen. Therefore, it is easy to see its use in the biodegradation of organic waste. Each strain of this bacteria has a specific plant it targets and is often found on plant leaves. Any interesting quality is its ability to form ice crystals, P. syringae  is responsible for causing frost injury to frost-sensitive plants. (Feil, et al, 2005) This discovery led to its production of artificial snow.

Irish Stereotyping In The Late 1800’s Essay

Published in Puck, America’s first successful comedic magazine containing several types of cartoons, on June 26, 1889 a cartoon entitled â€Å"The Mortar Of Assimilation And The One Element That Just Won’t Mix† clearly shows an Irishman rebelling against the rest of the American crowd with a knife in his hand, expressing violence, and possibly alcoholism. Through further research I found that how poorly the Irish were treated during this time period. The cartoon â€Å"The Mortar Of Assimilation And The One Element That Just Won’t Mix† expresses the idea Irishmen just do not belong in America, despite the several other races intertwined into our country. This cartoon brings me to the question; Why? Why were the Irish labeled as such outcasts? I have discovered three main reasons to answer this question: The Irish were labeled as violent, drunk, and having strange religious views. One clear reason the Irish were labeled as outcasts is because of the violence they were stereotyped to portray. The Irishman holding the knife in the cartoon is a perfect example of this. The Fenian brotherhood was a group with one main goal to obtain all freedom and become an independent republic of Ireland. For many played the role of motivation in emigrating to the United States, played a large role in this stereotype. One article in particular, entitled â€Å"The Fenians In Ireland† published in The New York Observer And Chronicle on November 23, 1895, articulates a perfect example of the violence portray by the Fenian brotherhood. It wrote: â€Å"The Derry Journal contains the following account of a sense of terror and alarm which occurred in a quiet village, but a few evenings since in consequence of a farmer of reliable veracity knocking up his sleepy neighbors to defend their homes and their firesides against a host of bloodthirsty, who were in march for their well-stocked farmyards. After some delay a great number of the male inhabitants were brought together in a truly warlike style†¦. The supposed Fenians had disappeared leaving the mangled remains of one of their companions behind them.† Another reason the Irish were labeled as outcasts is because of their religion. At this point in history America was made up of mostly Protestants, however the majority of the Irish emigrants were Catholic. Most Irish children were put into parochial schools and religion was placed as a big priority in their lives. The Irish held on tightly to their religious ways, a main reason being that was the one thing that still tied them to their homeland. Roman â€Å"Catholic priests denounce the common schools, and set up their protests in the form of un-American parochial schools.† (The Methodist Review, 5 January 1889) Americans refused to accept this religion due to the differences in their beliefs and practices. Today, Catholicism is one of the United States’ most common religions, with much thanks due to the Irish emigration. . Catholics also weren’t able to run for any political office, so that ruled out most of the Irish population for a great while, until the Know Nothing Act took place and the United States was able to look past religion. â€Å"The curse of the Irishman in America is strong drink.† (The Chautauquan, 8 October 1887) Drinking was a big part of Irish cultures. Even wakes were associated with alcohol due to the celebration of the deceased’s life. Americans feared their mostly Protestant nation would soon die out if the mostly Catholic Irish all emigrated to the United States, another reason why the Irish were not treated fairly. Not only were the Irish viewed as hot-headed violent, people with strange religious views, they were also known to be unskilled and drunk. Americans viewed Irish as alcoholics due to the drinking that is weaved into their culture and ways of living. Much like our culture does today, Irish drank in several difference social settings, although the y did drink alcohol at someone’s wake before the funeral, which may have been what disgusted Americans the most. Americans saw alcohol has ruling over the Irish and they were merely the slaves. One should also note, this was during the time of the ban of alcohol in the United States, so to see one consuming alcohol at such high rates was highly alarming and it would not be long for one to create a bad reputation because of something so simple. Due to this, Americans also stereotyped the Irish to be unskilled and lazy, at times signs were even put into windows stating things such as, â€Å"Irish need not apply.† At this point in history, Irish were viewed much similarly to African Americans when it came to respect. Over time, the Irish were able to keep their customs without encountering further confrontation, and the United States was able to run as one country under many different religions and customs as it does today. Catholics were able to run for office and Catholicism soon became one of the United States’ top most common religions. The Irish were looked down upon by Americans for three main reasons; they were stereotyped to be violent, drunk, and had different religious views which were frowned upon by the Americans. The Fenian brotherhood played a big role in the Irish being stereotyped as violent. At times, it is possible Irishmen were stereotyped to be violent because they were also known to be drunks. The Irish were known to be drunks because of the drinking that is associated with their culture. The Irish emigration to America had a lasting effect on everyone that was a part of the country, without the Irish emigration to the United States, America would not be what it is today, with a beautiful mix of races, religions, and beliefs.

Broken Spears

The Broken Spears â€Å"The Broken Spears† is a collection of many accounts of the destruction of Mexico by Cortes and the conquistadors in their invasion. The motive behind this conquest was Cortes’ desire to bring a fortune of gold, spices, and land that can be claimed, back to Spain. Although these desires were admirable, they were sought after at the expense of the Aztecs and consequently changed an entire civilization, due to an initial drive for power, control, land, and money. Cortez along with the Spaniards ultimately destroys the Aztecs in their quest for fortune and fame. The accounts are based on the Aztec’s perception of the invasion and include the revolt of the Aztec people that lead to the terror and the end of the Aztec civilization. The Spaniards first entrance into Tenochtitlan The novel begins with the description of a series of omens or premonitions, observed ten years prior, that was believed to be essential warnings of the coming invasion. The omens arouse many fearful and terrifying reactions. At the time, the meanings were unclear to the Natives. According to the text, â€Å"Montezuma consulted various seers and magicians to learn whether the omens meant an approaching war or some other crisis†, however the magicians could not advise him. Not soon after, according to the second chapter, there were reports that â€Å"the mountains bore a strange people who have very light skin. They all have long beards, and their hair comes only to their ears. † After much contemplation, Montezuma sent five messengers to greet the strangers and to bring them gifts believing that they might be Quetzalcoatl (God of learning and the wind) and other divinities returning to Mexico as they promised. 2:13)Montezuma gave specific instructions as to how to present the messengers and gifts to the strangers. The natives showed reverence to the strangers at their arrival by â€Å"touching the ground before him with their lips†. (25) However, Cortez in return gave orders to chain them by their necks and feet. When the messengers retur n, they inform Montezuma of the various firearms, animals, foods, and resources the Spaniard possessed, and he was astonished and terrified by their report. Montezuma’s attempts to keep the Spaniard away from the Tenochtitlan included everything from sending out magicians and warlocks hoping that they could harm the Spaniards with their magic, to sending out captives to be sacrificed in their presence. With each failed attempt to prevent the Spaniards from entering Tenochtitlan, came the rising fears of the â€Å"inevitable†. As the Spaniard began to inquire about Montezuma, he contemplated fleeing and escaping the â€Å"gods†. Due to Montezuma’s failed attempts, Cortez and the Spaniards decided to begin marching In-land, in their arrival to Tlaxcala and Cholula. One could argue that the invasion of these cities was due to the defiance and the fact that they would not surrender to Cortez’s control. During the march Cortez gained a larger army and allies. Once Cortez and the Spaniards reached the entrance of Tenochtitlan their march was complete. Montezuma then prepared to greet Cortez. According to the text, â€Å"He presented many gifts to the Captain and his commanders, those who had come to make war. He showered gifts upon them and hung flowers around their necks; he gave them necklaces of flowers and bands of flowers to adorn their breasts; he set garlands of flowers upon their heads. Then he hung the gold necklaces around their necks and gave them presents of every sort as gifts of welcome. † Not mentioned in the Broken Spears however, according to the Diaz document, Cortez offered Montezuma his right hand but Montezuma refused it. It also states that Cortez went to place fine a necklace on Montezuma’s neck, but his nephews stopped and refused him. The Spaniards seemed to portray a non confrontational notion, as if they arrived with pure intentions. The document’s perspective seems to contradict those of The Broken Spears. The document describes the Aztec’s conversion to Christianity as a peaceful one. It also states that Montezuma pronounces that â€Å"I am in debt and will give all I poses,† revealing that Montezuma willingly gave of his possessions and land. However, according to The Broken Spears, the Aztecs were tortured and terrorized. The Expulsion from Tenochtitlan (Spring 1520) After imprisoning Montezuma, the Spaniards begin to terrorize the city, causing commotion and inflicting fear into the natives. The terrorism that was taking place caused an uprising battles and massacres to take place. One example of the harshness inflicted on the Aztecs was the events that took place at a Fiesta. The Spaniard invaded the Fiesta, murdering many Aztecs and revealing the Spaniards did not abide by the Aztec rules or expectations of war. They were said to be reckless and extremely brutal, without respect or compassion. Preceding the surprise attack at the Fiesta, other attacks and retaliations arouse, such as the Night of Sorrow. The Aztecs no longer desired to follow Montezuma’s initial orders for non retaliation. They decided to take up arms and fight against the Spanish. In the attack at the Fiesta, they fought with broken spears and attacked with javelins and arrows. However the Aztecs came to the realization that enough blood was shed. Montezuma’s body was discovered and it was unclear as to his cause of death. Since the Aztec no longer catered to the Spaniards by providing them with food, shelter and supplies, Cortez realizes that they must leave the land. They planned to retreat at night, however the retreat was discovered. According to the text, â€Å"They attacked as the Spaniards were fleeing down the Tlacopan (now Tacuba) causeway, and the rout was so disastrous that it has been known ever since as â€Å"la noche triste,† the Night of Sorrows. Those who escaped the disaster found refuge in the nearby village of Teocalhueyacan, where they were welcomed as friends; but three-fourths of the army had perished in the retreat and in the siege that preceded it. The Aztecs benefited greatly from the fleeing of Spaniards. They gathered things that the Spaniard abandoned and claimed it for themselves. They collected weapons that had been left behind or had fallen into the canal-the cannons, swords, spears, bows and arrows-along with all the steel helmets, coats of mail and breast- plates, and the shields of metal, wood and hide. They recovered the gold ingots, the gold disks, the tubes of gold dust and the collars with their gold pe ndants. The violent recapture of Tenochtitlan (1521) The Aztecs were convinced that the Spaniard would never return. They began to rebuild the city and the temples, and celebrated in a victorious manner. They choose a new King for the city; however it was not long that the Aztecs lived in tranquility. A horrible plague of smallpox quickly spread. The plague spread during the thirteenth month and lasted for seventy days, striking everywhere in the city. It was difficult for some to walk or even move. Many died from the disease, some died of hunger because they were incapable of searching for food. The text describes that the first cases were reported in Cuatlan. By the time the danger was recognized, the plague was so well established that nothing could halt it, and eventually it spread all the way to Chalco. Then its cruelty diminished considerably, though there were isolated cases for many months after. The Spaniards returned without mercy. This time however they had more forces, and resources, and better technology. Although the Aztecs had a previous disposition, they retaliated, being aware this time, of some of the Spaniards tactics. For example, discovered that the shots from the cannons always flew in a straight line, they no longer ran away in the line of fire. They ran to the right or left or in zigzags, not in front of the guns. After a great deal of battles and much bloodshed. The Aztecs eventually surrendered to the Spaniards. The Aztecs culture and civilization was eventually eradicated after the Spaniard burned the temples and destroyed their empires. In comparing the readings of The Broken Spears to some document excerpts, a large disparity is found. There were many actions that the Aztec’s took, that to some were considered barbaric. For instance, in The Conquest of New Spain, Diaz describes the Aztecs to be somewhat savage like. He mentioned that they would â€Å"tear out the palpitation heart, with the blood, they present as idols† and they would eat â€Å"arms and thighs at their ceremonial banquets†. However, The Broken Spears describes these actions as sacred sacrifices that were signs of respect and honor. These reasons alone prove why separate accounts help understand history. There is a saying that states: â€Å"There are two sides to every story. † The Broken Spears would be considered the other side

The Disease Of Alzheimer s Disease - 2246 Words

INTRODUCTION Alzheimer’s Disease has been one of the top leading causes of death in our country. It is understood that this disease is identified as an excess of the protein amyloid-ß within an increase of plaque (Seneff, Wainwright, and Mascitelli, 2010). Additionally, as the brain ages, it gets used to the inflammation and oxidative stress, so it is important to take the right amount of antioxidant micronutrients like vitamin C and vitamin E as well as anti-inflammatory macronutrients such as omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids to protect the brain from ageing (Whalley et. al, 2004). This is a devastating disease that affects most people over the age of fifty. Recently, there have been many studies done to figure out what causes this disease, if there is anything that can cure it, and how to prevent the disease. Seneff, Wainwright, and Mascitelli, believe Alzheimer’s develops with consuming too many carbohydrates, especially fructose and having a deficiency in chol esterol and dietary fats as well (2010). Whalley, Starr, and Deary have seen that poor diet, poverty, and failing health are links to developing Alzheimer’s Disease (2004). Furthermore, seeing increase in plasma homocysteine concentration increases risk of Dementia, which can result from an inadequate intake of vitamin B12/folate (Walley et. al, 2004). Additionally, Gray supports Walley’s findings and even believes having an adequate intake of vitamin B12/folate will have a positive effect on the overall healthShow MoreRelatedThe Disease Of Alzheimer s Disease1421 Words   |  6 Pagesengulfed by a mysterious disease. The neurons being cut off and destroyed by two abnormal structures. First memory is affected gradually getting worse. Then one is unable to think properly, reason, and lacks of self control. 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